I have bought something but seen it at a different price on your website?Īs an online business, we act much faster in adjusting our prices in response to trends, stock, and demand from customers. Your credit card information will not be stored on our servers. Your information is then SSL-encrypted and sent directly to our credit card provider's network, where your card and transaction is authorized and approved. When purchasing online using your credit card, all of your information is entered into an SSL secure web page. To initiate a return or exchange, you need to email us in advance at For all eligible returns or exchanges, we’ll send you a return shipping label and instructions on how and where to send your package. You have the right to apply for a return or exchange within 30 days after receiving the product. Once you are authorized to return an item back to us, when the tracking number shows that delivered to our return address, we will issue your refund, it will take about 3-5 business days to be processed and returned to your credit card or original method of payment. When can I expect a refund debited to my account once I return the item? Yes, you can choose the PayPal option and you will be asked to fill in your credit card information to fulfill the transaction. Whatever happens to your order, you can contact us via It is important to provide us with your email and telephone number, order number, or tracking number so we can check the status of your order.Ĭan I pay through Paypal with my credit card? How do I contact Powuse regarding my order? Please separate this adapter from the battery when not in use for a long time! Please confirm the compatibility of your battery and tools before ordering!Ĭannot charge the battery with this adapter! Cannot plug into any charger with this adapter! Please remove this adapter before charging the battery! Package Includes:ġ x Battery Adapter (Adapter Only, Tools & Battery Not Included) NOT SUITABLE Models for Dewalt:Ĭan Not Work with Dewalt 20V MAX / 36V / 40V MAX / 60V MAX Slide-on Lithium-Ion Batteries. Hilti B12 12V Slide-on Lithium-Ion Batteries. Applicable Dewalt Battery Models:ĭewalt 12V DCB Series Slide-on Lithium-Ion Batteries DCB120, DCB122, DCB124 etc. The bottom of this battery adapter is compatible with Dewalt 12V Li-Ion battery. The top of this battery adapter is compatible with Hilti 12V Li-Ion cordless power tool. Safe & Reliable: Our battery adapter is CE, FCC, ROHS certified, tested, and validated by the manufacturer to match or exceed specifications of OEM products and exported all around the world, you can use it worry-free. User-friendly Product Details: Built-in battery lock, quick-release button, non-slip design, allowing you to install and remove smoothly. New Generation Interface Design: Accurate interface size, anti-oxidation metal contact elements, excellent conductivity and transmission rate, no conversion loss. Wide & Perfect Compatibility: Works perfectly with most batteries and tools as listed below.Ĭompact Design & Easy To Install: Small in size and light in weight, easy to carry and store, supports simple connection, not require particularly complicated operations. Sturdy & Durable Quality: Finely crafted with high-quality tough ABS+PC material, heat-resistant and chemical-resistant, manufactured by precision molds, not 3D printing, longer service life. Save Work Space & Money: With this product, you will no longer need to buy too many different brands of different types of batteries, while saving space to store them. Product Function: This battery adapter can convert Dewalt 12V Li-Ion battery to Hilti 12V cordless power tool Li-Ion battery model, which allows your Dewalt batteries to be shared with Hilti tools. It can convert Dewalt batteries to Hilti batteries, replace Hilti 12V B12 batteries, eliminating the need to buy, store, charge and maintain a new collection of batteries alongside the ones they already own, saving money! Features: This is Dewalt to Hilti battery adapter converter, which is designed for running your Hilti tools using your Dewalt batteries.
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It’s impossible to pick out just one notebook for everybody, because everyone has different preferences when it comes to size, cover material, page ruling, paper feel, and all the other little characteristics that make one notebook stand out from another. Any of these notebooks will provide an appreciably better writing experience than what you can get from a generic, off-the-shelf-at-Walgreens notebook. After interviewing experts, researching more than 80 notebooks, and writing zealously in 24 of them side by side over several weeks, we have picks in a number of sizes and styles. Upgrading from a cheap notebook to a high-quality one usually costs just a couple more cents per page (or about $2 to $5 overall), and we think you’re worth it. It can be a source of joy, a covetable item that turns an ordinary, everyday task-note taking, journaling, task planning, brainstorming, or doodling-into a sublime experience. NovemA notebook is more than just a practical tool. The Best Notebooks and Notepads By Melanie PinolaUpdated NovemSave The Best Notebooks and Notepads Photo: Michael Hession FYIĪfter another round of group testing with a panel full of stationery enthusiasts, we have new picks across a wide variety of notebook types and size preferences. You can spread the word if you liked these articles by clicking the share button!Ĭan’t find the information you were looking for above? Check out more articles best organizational notebook, best paper notebooks and best notebooks for journaling.Don’t forget to hit the “share” button with family and friends if you found this article useful. At Solaroidenergy, we ensure our readers have access to only the most reliable information. Looking for articles on best notebooks for note-taking? Solaroidenergy’s list of articles on hot topics like best notebooks for note taking india, best notebooks for writing and best notebooks for note taking reddit will keep you informed. All of a sudden, I was understanding new material and seeing connections that had previously eluded me. For me, it felt so natural-but it wasn’t until the first day of class that this new system clicked in place. Before then, I used sticky notes and scraps of paper liberally spread through my notebook. In college, I was quickly introduced to the concept of taking notes. If a book is too thick for what you want then simply take a ruler and measure out three quarters along the binding area (from where the spine meets the front cover) then add 2mm all around (which will give you 1cm extra on each side). The reason for this is because books are made from paper and leather in pretty much the same way as pads of paper, but they are very flexible – you can bend it into different shapes and sizes if you want to maintain the size of your book. Unlike a traditional paper notebook or a pad of paper, which only holds about 50 to 100 pages of text, a book can hold many more pages than that. Unabridged Books are the book writers’ best friend. Best Coworking Notebook Writing Tips, Techniques, Mistakes and Best Practices. We initially sent the script around in early 2020. Īnchorman star Adam McKay, who has written and produced the movie, also recently teased that Chris Evans has ‘a little cameo! Phew!Īdam McKay says: "Honestly, I’m still in complete shock that we got all these megastars to agree to do this in the first place. Mark Rylance ( Dunkirk, Wolf Hall ), Tyler Perry, global superstar singer Ariana Grande, Scott Mescudi (aka rapper Kid Cudi) and Himesh Patel, who’s best known to British fans for his role in BBC1 soap EastEnders also star. Ron Perlman ( The Capture) meanwhile plays a military character Colonel Drask, and Dune star Timothée Chalamet plays Nico. Rob Morgan ( Daredevil, Jessica Jones) plays Dr Clayt Oglethorpe, while Jonah Hill ( 21 Jump Street) is the President's hopeless son Jason Orlean and New Zealand actress Melanie Lynskey ( Heavenly Creatures) is Dr Randall's wife June Mindy. They’re joined by fellow Oscar winners, Meryl Streep ( Sophie's Choice, Out Of Africa, The Iron Lady) and Cate Blanchett ( Elizabeth, The Aviator). Of course, he’s also super famous for starring in Titanic, The Great Gatsby, The Wolf of Wall Street and The Revenant. Meanwhile, Leonardo DiCaprio is playing Kate Dibiasky’s astronomy professor, Dr Randall Mindy, following on his last major film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. You can really see the way she gets a hard look at life in the public and on social media.” "So when she tries to tell this news to the rest of the world and is met with resistance, or just complete and utter disbelief, it's really upsetting. "Kate’s a truth teller" says Jennifer Lawrence. Jennifer Lawrence, best known for X-Men, American Hustle and The Hunger Games, plays an astronomy grad student Kate Dibiasky in her first major movie since 2019’s X-Men: Dark Phoenix. (Image credit: Netflix) 'Don’t Look Up' cast - who’s starring?Īnyone who’s anyone seems to be among the star-studded cast of Don't Look Up, including four Oscar winners! The film is one of the many award-worthy films joining Netflix’s catalogue which so far includes The Trial of The Chicago Seven, Mank, Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom and Malcom & Marie among others.An Oval Office emergency meeting with Meryl Streep centre stage as President Janie Orlean in 'Don't Look Up'. This year, we have already been blessed with her presence on the small screen with The Prom’s release, another film that sees her shine in an all-star cast, including Big Little Lies co-star Nicole Kidman, what more could we ask for? With the actress already filming for Don’t Look Up, it looks like we’ll see her in the Oscar race all the way through 2021-22.ĭon’t Look Up marks director Mckay’s next directorial venture after Vice which earned eight Academy Award nominations. There is still some time to go before we see Streep as the US President but in the meantime, she’ll be seen in Steven Soderberg’s Let Them All Talk. SEE ALSO: Leonardo DiCaprio, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Jennifer Lawrence, Ariana Grande And More Join Adam McKay's 'Don't Look Up' Oh to live in a world where Streep is Prez! And there's more, she's also the mother of Jonah Hill's character. Meryl Streep made our day by sharing that she will be playing the President of the United States in the movie. They embark on a big media tour to warn mankind about what’s coming. As if that wasn't enough to make movie fans' heart happy, Streep has shared what character she is playing and it's perfect.Īppearing on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the Academy Award-winning actress talked about filming for Don't Look Up, a satire film that revolves around two low-level astronomers played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence, who find out that an asteroid is heading towards Earth. Jonah Hill, Ariana Grande, Kid Cudi and Mathhew Perry. It was announced in October that The Big Short director will be helming the Netflix film starring Meryl Streep, Leonardo DiCaprio, Cate Blanchett, Timothée Chalamet, Jennifer Lawrence. Adam McKay is back directing an iconic all-star cast in his upcoming film Don't Look Up. Nancy Lin is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and the Owner of Go to Sleep San Diego, a private practice providing therapy for people suffering from insomnia, trauma, depression, and related problems. Try to create a quiet, cool, and dark environment that provides you restorative sleep at night.This article was co-authored by Nancy Lin, PhD. A restful night of sleep helps us deal better with stressful situations. Sleep Well: If you suffer regularly from stress, it may be because you are not getting enough sleep at night. Short meditation sessions can do wonders for your overall well-being by relaxing the mind and body. Meditation: Along with deep breathing, meditation is one of the most trusted ways to reduce stress and the risk of high blood pressure and heart problems. To ensure guaranteed results, you may try out outdoor seeds from i49. Many chronic stress sufferers have now started growing their own CBD at home for medicinal purposes. Several clinical trials indicate that CBD is useful for panic disorder, general anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As much as possible, avoid junk food and rely on veggies and fruits.ĬBD: If you suffer from chronic anxiety or stress, CBD gummies, CBD vape pens, and CBD oil can be an excellent remedy. Healthy eating will not only improve your energy but will also improve your mental as well as physical health. However, it may be harmful to consume such stuff on a regular basis. Therefore, when you are feeling extremely stressed out, it is a good idea to reach for your comfort food. Since all individuals don’t have similar senses of humor, it is important for you to think about something that forces you to feel better by laughing.Įating Well: Please remember that the link between our foods and our moods is a close one. Laughing: Advanced studies have established that laughing can reduce artery inflammation, decrease stress hormones, and increase HDL or good cholesterol. This results in the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is proven to promote a state of calmness. The supply of oxygen to the brain is increased by deep breathing. These short walks are scientifically proven to boost endorphins, helping reduce stress factors in the body.īreathing: Tension and stress can be reduced significantly by deep breathing slowly, even if it is for just a few minutes. However, try to squeeze out time for at least a ten-minute walk in the morning or while returning from work in the evening. It is understandable that everyone may not have the motivation or time to commit to a serious workout regimen. You may not be able to eliminate all stress triggers, but some of them can surely be managed or removed.Įxercising: Experts suggest that regular workout is one of the best ways to manage stress. You can only start looking for solutions when you are aware of the root of the problem. Identification of Stress Triggers: First of all, you will have to figure out the factors that make you stressed and how you tend to react to them. Mentioned below are some proven alternatives to get rid of stress instead of allowing it to get the better of you. However, fortunately, there are several things we can do to de-stress ourselves. Experiencing stress on a regular basis may lead to headaches, fatigue, muscle tension, stomach aches, heart problems, and even death. In spite of being a natural reaction of the body, stress is undoubtedly a negative force that can seriously affect our personal as well as professional lives. The American Psychological Association refers to stress as a normal reaction to certain conditions and life events. Whether it is making a sales presentation, worrying about bills, getting stuck in traffic, going on a first date, or preparing for an exam, dealing with stress is just a part of our normal life. All of us experience stress in our lives under specific circumstances. For that, you do not need any individual Grammarly add-in for Excel, Word, or Pages. However, if you want, you can download Grammarly desktop app for Mac as well. Therefore, if you make any mistake, you can find it on the right-hand side, in the Grammarly section.Ĭlick on each rectified text or word to get more information and get rid of the error you have made. As you start writing, Grammarly starts scanning your text to show you all the mistakes you have done in your paragraphs. Wordtune is the ultimate AI writing tool that rewrites and rephrases your writing Get AI-powered suggestions to instantly improve everything you write. In case you do not see it, switching to the Grammarly tab does the same thing. Once done, you can see a Grammarly section on your right side. You can click the LOG IN TO GRAMAMRLY button on your right-hand side, and enter your credentials to get started. Once you are done with reading, click the Continue button.Īfter finishing the installation of Grammarly Word add-in on Mac, you need to sign in to your account. It shows a popup window to ask you to agree with teams and conditions. Do that and click on the respective Add button. It opens a window where you can search for Grammarly. Grammar Checker Check your text for grammar errors. In other terms, a free account holder can do everything as a paid account holder. An antecedent is simply the word (or words) that a pronoun refers to. The best thing is that you do not need a Premium subscription to install Grammarly for Word on Mac – it helps to make your writing better, though. On the other hand, users can enable Grammarly for Gmail by installing Chrome extension. No matter whether you need Grammarly Word add-in on Mac or desktop, you can download both within moments. To rescue you from those awkward clumsy situations, Grammarly is there. In other words, you must write mistake-free English whether it is for school, college, or office. Nobody, including your instructor, professor, etc., likes to read grammatical errors in a small or big paragraph. Whether you want to write your semester project or annual report at your office, Word does everything smoothly. Microsoft Word is one of the best text processing applications you can use on your Mac computer to get the job done as fast as possible. Therefore, if you want to write error-free grammar in Word for Mac, you can try Grammarly for desktop on Mac. Grammarly is a grammar checker service and app, allowing users to rectify their mistakes in an English paragraph. If you want to use Grammarly while writing a project in Microsoft Word, you can download, install, and add Grammarly to Word on Mac using this tutorial. It is written in C ++ using the Qt 5 framework.Īmarok is a powerful music player for Linux, Unix and Windows with an intuitive interface. Strawberry is a music player and music collection organizer. Want to see more alternatives for Swinsian? Strawberry MediaMonkey is a music player and music library manager with support for more than 50,000 files and many for organizing, tagging, converting and recording your music. Select all of your music anddelete lyrics/un-synced lyrics. Wait for the unmatched folder tostop changing numbers and select all the cd icons in the right most window andmove whatever is there to the unmatched folder. Inspired by Apple iTunes, it’s free software … Now add all of your music library to MusicBrainzabout 1000 songs at a time or it will crash. Rhythmbox is an audio player for Linux that plays and organizes digital music. MusicBee also supports podcasts, web radio stations, and SoundCloud integration. MusicBee makes it easy to manage, search, and play music files on your computer. Main supported audio formats: MP3, MP4, AAC, Audio CD, WMA, Vorbis, Opus …Ĭlementine is a free and open source multiplatform music player and library organizer based on Amarok 1.4.įree, full-d media player with seamless, high-quality audio playback and full-format support.įull-d media player known for its ease of use, case design, and advanced audio displays. Owned by the non-profit organization VideoLAN.įoobar2000 is an advanced free audio player for the Windows platform. VLC is a free and open source cross-platform media framework and player. See the following alternative list to this software feel free to ask any query regards this if you have any doubts related to these alternatives. The customizable desktop art widget can decorate your desktop with details of the music you are listening to. The customizable desktop art widget can decorate your desktop with details of the music you are listening to.Ĭontrol Control playback easily with global shortcuts and the mini window. The powerful Duplicate Finder helps you find and remove duplicate tracks using flexible criteria to keep your library organized.Ĭontrol Control playback easily with global shortcuts and the mini window. The Regex-compatible search and replace feature helps you keep your music correctly tagged. Organize – Easily edit on multiple tracks at once. They can also be hidden if you prefer a minimal interface. Swinsian is a sophisticated music player for macOS with wide format support, folder viewing, advanced tag editing, and designed to be responsive even with the largest libraries.Ĭustomize The Art Grid, Column Navigator, and Track Inspector provide multiple ways to view and navigate your music. If you like our list of Swinsian and similar software alternatives in 2022, then please rate us below.īest list of Swinsian Alternatives in 2021 We will also review the features, price, benefits, pros, and cons of Swinsian. Before we get to our list, let us take a quick look at Swinsian review. It has no progress indicator or whatsoever but it will tell you when it’s done and how many lyrics it has copied over.In this article, I am going to share with you the 10 best Swinsian alternatives in 2022 that you can use. (But not always reliable)Īdding the lyrics to the "unsyncedlyrics" tag may be slow/fast depending on your library. The up side is that downloading the lyrics is fast. The down side is if "Evil Lyrics" downloaded the wrong lyrics, then you will also copy the wrong lyrics to the "unsyncedlyrics" Tag. There is an option to overwrite all the lyrics (instead of just adding lyrics to files without it) in the JS file. Only files in the itunes library will be added with lyrics. Download your lyrics using Evil Lyrics (you can actually download up to 20 lyrics at the same time.).(And add your mp3s to the itunes library.) Since my last post Here, i have found other means of batch adding lyrics to mp3 files. It is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz). The frequency of the processor describes its clock rate in cycles per second. They increase the performance of the device allowing the execution of multiple instructions in parallel. Presently, besides single-core processors, there are dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core and so on multi-core processors. If the CPU does not find the data needed in L2, it proceeds to look for them in the 元 cache memory (if there is such) or in the RAM.Ī CPU core is the processor unit, which executes software instructions. Just like L1, it is much faster than the system memory (RAM). The L2 (level 2) cache memory is slower than L1, but has a larger capacity, instead, which allows it to cache more data. In some processors the search in L1 and L2 is simultaneous. If the processor does not find the data needed in L1, it continues to look for it in the L2 cache memory. The L1 (level 1) cache memory has a small volume, but operates faster than the RAM and the rest cache memory levels. The cache memory is used by the processor in order to shorten the time needed to access data and instructions that a frequently used. Information about the set of instructions the processor can execute. The instruction set architecture (ISA) is a set of commands used by the software to manage the CPU's work. 64-bit CPUs provide better performance than 32-bit ones, which on their part perform better than 16-bit processors. The CPU bits are determined by the bit-size of the processor registers, address buses and data buses. Its main function is to interpret and execute instructions contained in software applications.Ģx 1.5 GHz ARM Cortex-A15, 2x 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A7 The value in nanometers represents half the distance between elements that make up the CPU.ĬPU is the Central Processing Unit or the processor of a mobile device. Information about the process technology used in manufacturing the chip. The SoC integrates different hardware components such as the CPU, GPU, memory, peripherals, interfaces, etc., as well as software for their functioning. System on Chip (SoC) A system on a chip (SoC) includes into a single chip some of the main hardware components of the mobile device. Information about the colors, in which the device is available in the market. Applies for devices in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped. Information about the weight of the device in different measurement units.Įstimated volume of the device, calculated from the dimensions provided by the manufacturer. Information about the thickness/depth of the device in different measurement units. the vertical side of the device when it is used in its standard orientation. the horizontal side of the device when it is used in its standard orientation. Body materials, available colors, certifications. They're both great for media consumption and light gaming, whether you're buying for yourself, your kids, or as a gift.Design Information about the dimensions and weight of the device, shown in different measurement units. No matter which tablet you decide on, you'll be getting a surprisingly great device for the money. And it's smaller, lighter, and brighter than the previous-generation 2019 edition HD 10 tablet. It's more expensive than the HD 8, but it's still a bargain compared to virtually every Android tablet on the market. The larger, denser display, strengthened with aluminosilicate glass, provides a much better viewing experience, and you'll appreciate the louder speakers. If instead, you plan on watching a lot of videos and movies on your tablet, the larger Fire HD 10 is the better choice. Buy the HD 10 as a video streaming device. It's half the price of the HD 10, and aside from weaker speakers and a slightly slower processor, you're not missing much.īuy the HD 8 as an e-reader and light browsing device. If you mainly want an e-reader for Amazon's enormous Kindle library, with the occasional video or music playback, the Fire HD 8's smaller form factor may be the better choice. 10, you should think about what you'll be doing most with it. Source: Amazon (Image credit: Andrew Myrick / Android Central) Title: In most cases, the Title is the game you are queuing up.Once you’re on the Queue section of the Cloudbot you see a button called Open Queue, once you click that it will open the following modal: Queue Settings For example, if you are playing Mario Maker, your viewers can send you specific levels, allowing you to see them in your queue and go through them one at a time.Īlternatively, if you are playing Fortnite and want to cycle through squad members, you can queue up viewers and give everyone a chance to play. Queues allow you to view suggestions or requests from viewers. We recommend intervals such a 5/7/9/12 with varying line minimums but feel free to experiment. Timers will overlap slightly if you use the same interval for all of your timers o try to space the intervals out slightly and play around with your line minimum to get the best result. Once you’ve set all the fields, save your settings and your timer will go off once Intervaland Line Minimum are both reached.
Our personal favorite lately is the Prospore Biome. We have outlined certain guidelines that will help you in the search for the perfect probiotic. However, each and every one of us could benefit from taking a probiotic supplement.Ĭhoosing the right kind of product isn't always an easy task, given the abundance that we have today. Of course, there are many natural remedies to support your health, honey lemon and ginger mixture being one of them. At summer few but dangerous viruses threaten our health and in winter time there are so many new strands of diseases that are discovered each year. ( Note that naturally produced gut antibiotics target only pathogens and fungus’s-further protecting your health)The immune system needs to be always alert. – IBS, Crohn’s ulcerative colitis – Produces L+ optical form of lactic acid.- Potent immune stimulation. Strongly studied with long history of use in – Most widely used probiotic in the world.- Potent immune stimulator.- Antibiotic resistant for use during antibiotic treatment. – Produces nattokinase and vitamin K2.- Highly important for immune development – GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue). – Produces over 12 affective antibiotics.- Widely used, safe and highly effective. – Produces high levels of carotenoids – lycopene, axtaxanthin, beta-carotene, and lutein.- Produces quinols and vitamins.- The most effective antioxidant probiotic. – Produces whole spectrum of B vitamins including folate ( vitamin B9). – Produces protease and improves protein digestion. This section explains more about the probiotic strains found in this product: Consult your practitioner if any symptoms persist.ĭoes not contain dairy, wheat, corn, gluten, yeast, rice, salt, sugar or soy. This medicine is not a substitute for medical attention. This medicine is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Florish is safe and hugely beneficial to pregnant and breastfeeding moms, and toddlers increasing nutrient absorption and raising immune tolerance.ĭisclaimer: This medicine has not been evaluated by the Medicines Control Council. Start with half capsule mixed into food per day gradually increasing over two weeks to one capsule per day. A child over five years old has an adult microbiome and can take an adult dose. Avoid excessive heat and humidity.īecause Florish is so effective, and gut health varies from individual to individual, it is recommended to begin with one capsule per day for the first few days, and increase up to 2 capsules per day after a week, taken after a meal. Ingredients: Proprietary probiotic Fulvic Acid blend , Bacillus indicus, Bacillus stubtilis, Bacilus coagulan, Bacilus lichenformis, Bacillus claussi, Natural mineral rich powder containing 300mg Fulvic Acid, Pharmaceutical grade cellulose vegan capsule. mood An ADHD remedy that has 100% proven results!.
Many studies indicate a close correlation between ageing processes and degradation of aberrant and harmful protein accumulations. However, ageing causes a continuous exposure of stem cells to both intrinsic and extrinsic stress factors, generating cell damage and compromising tissue homeostasis and repair. Owing to their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation properties, during development, stem cells originate the distinct cell populations that compose the different tissues then they play a key role in maintaining homeostasis and activating repair mechanisms on different tissue levels. The link between ageing and the decline in somatic stem cell functions has been known for at least 15 years ( Rando and Thomas, 2006 Brunet and Rando, 2007 Hammond and Sharpless, 2008 Lapierre et al., 2015 Bernitz et al., 2016 Kalamakis et al., 2019). Demographic change and the ageing of the population have therefore prompted researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying ageing that would allow us to understand the age-related diseases and to identify anti-ageing drugs with the aim of a longer and healthier life. Moreover, ageing being associated with a gradual functional decline of organs and tissues, is the highest risk factor for cancer ( Zouabi and Bardin, 2020). Indeed, if at the beginning it was thought that stem cells were “always young” cells, with an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, it is now known that stem cells are subject to ageing with a consequent decline in regenerative capacity of tissues and organs ( Turinetto et al., 2016 Ren et al., 2017 De et al., 2021). The search for the key to youth is one of the main objectives of these studies. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the processes underlying the regulation of stem cells and the differentiation capacity of cells with particular interest in transcriptional factors, epigenetic modifications and metabolic factors ( Ren et al., 2017 Shapira and Christofk, 2020 Sueda and Kageyama, 2020 Ludikhuize et al., 2021). ESCs and iPSCs are generally referred to as pluripotent stem cells for their abilities to self-renew and to differentiate into a wide range of cell types ( De Los Angeles et al., 2015). The nucleus of an adult cell can be forced into an altered gene expression pattern to obtain the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are reprogrammed, ESC-like somatic cells ( Yamanaka, 2009). ASCs are rare populations of cells found in the postnatal organism they are also undifferentiated cells yet capable of differentiating into limited cell types ( Wagers and Weissman, 2004 De Los Angeles et al., 2015). ESCs derive from the inner cell mass of the pre-implantation blastocyst and are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, having the potential for many different cell fates ( Evans and Kaufman, 1981 Young, 2011 De Los Angeles et al., 2015). Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs) ( Young, 2011 De Los Angeles et al., 2015). Stem cells are cells that during their replication cycle can give rise to either stem or differentiated daughter cells. Finally, the importance of these new discoveries and their relevance for regenerative medicine applications, from transplantation to cell rejuvenation, will be addressed.īackground: Stem Cells, Ageing and Autophagy The review will discuss how CMA influences embryonic stem cell activity promoting self-renewal or differentiation, its involvement in maintaining haematopoietic stem cell function by increasing their functionality during the normal ageing process and its effects on mesenchymal stem cells, in which modulation of CMA regulates immunosuppressive and differentiation properties. This review aims to clarify this new and not yet well-explored horizon discussing the recent studies regarding the CMA impact on embryonic, mesenchymal, and haematopoietic stem cells. In the last years, an emerging topic has concerned the involvement of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA) as a key mechanism in stem cell pluripotency control acting as a bridge between epigenetic, transcriptional and differentiation regulation. The control of stemness derives from a fine regulation between transcriptional and metabolic factors. What lies at the basis of the mechanisms that regulate the maintenance and self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells is still an open question. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy.Emanuela Vitale* Sadia Perveen Daniela Rossin Marco Lo Iacono Raffaella Rastaldo † Claudia Giachino † |
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